History of Toilets
B.C. 2500
IN MOHAN-JODARO, HIGHLY DEVELOPED DRAINAGE SYSTEM IS DISCOVERED WHERE WASTE WATER FROM EACH HOUSE WENT INTO THE MAIN SEWER THROUGH THE DRAIN PIPE, PASSING UNDER EACH HOUSE.
After the Indus civilization, there were neither toilets nor bathrooms in the houses and much late when toilets did appear, they were usually temporary (make-shift) structure and excrements were released outside into the drains.
B.C. 2200
IN THE PALACE IN TEL ASMAL, THE OLDEST FLUSH-TYPE WATER CLOSET IS FOUND.
W.C. was made from kiln-fired bricks and the toilet was a toilet-cum bathroom.
The sewer system was quite advanced with passage on the upper portion.
B.C.2100
In Tel Asmal, a flush type W.C. is found.
Stool was made up of bricks and the fired drainage pipe having a coating of asphalt called
Bitumen released the night soil into the Diara River through the sewage an it was believed to be the oldest toilet for common residential houses.
B.C.2000
IN THE TOMB OF THE KING OF THIRD URDYNASTY, TO THE SOUTH-EAST OF
TEMNOS, TOILET WITH ALONG DRAIN WAS DISCOVERED.
B.C. 1950
In the common house, belonging to the Ishin Ralsa period, toilets for guests are found to be housed in the guest room itself and have a wash stand and drainage hole. Toilets for the family members was housed separately across the courtyard.
The sewage system (facility) was suction type and was separately provided for each house.
B.C. 1900
IN THE REMAINS OF NUZU (CATHEET DYSANTY) PALACE TO THE SOUTH-WEST OF KILKUK, toilet used by King is found.
W.C. also had a bath tub made up of marble.
THERE WERE SEPARATE TOILETS DEPENDING ON THE RANK AND THE WASTE WAS RELEASED INTO THE SEWAGE SYSTEM.
There was also a manhole for cleaning the system.
In the Tigris-Euphrates region, blessed with plenty of river water, flush-type toilets were quite developed.
Around this time, human waste was still not being used as manure for agriculture.
It was next to the bathroom there was a ceramic bath tub. It was believed to be exclusively used by the Queen and it was connected with the water.
Further there was a flush type common toilet also.
Sewer was connected with drain pipes made from terracotta. However, based on the fact that the Palace was made from Plaster stone, geologist Vundarich concludes that these facilities found in Knossos Place were not in practical use but were constructed after the death of kings as a part of the tomb.
B.C. 1375
IN ANCIENT EGYPT, ACCORDING TO HERODOTOS, THE NOTED HISTORIAN, TOILETS WERE PROVIDED IN THE HOUSE BUT DUE TO LITTLE RAINFALL THAT THIS AREA RECEIVED, WATER CLOSET DID NOT DEVELOP MUCH.
Further, since, river water was used for irrigation, excrements were not released into rivers and were stored inside the toilets and during the flooding of Nile river, waste was used as a manure mixed with fresh soil.
It is believed that Amenhotep IV of the 18 dynasty began this practice of construction of toilets inside the house, so as to prevent people from easing themselves on the roadside.
B.C. 1000
IN THE BAHREIN ISLAND IN THE PERSIAN GULF, FLUSH-TYPE TOILET IS DISCOVERED.
Stool seat was 12 cm above the floor level and there was drainage hole in the front portion. There was a pit beneath from where the fossils of excrements were found.
Around this time, use of rainy water for cleaning was considered but ended in a failure in the regions where the rainfall was scanty.
BC 706
IN CAURASABAD, CONSTRUCTED BY KING SARGON, SEWAGE MADE FROM BRICK-STRUCTURED ARCHIS DISCOVERED.
B.C. 700
In the oldest sewage, there were short sewage drains, in some places, they were connected with water carriers, and using the earthern pipe, waste was being sucked in.
In most of the houses, there were water closet and the excrements were released into the drains pipe outside, through the drainage hole.
Soon flush-type stool appeared and it is believed to have come from Asia along with glazed pottery.
Toilet used to be constructed in a corner of big hall and was close to all rooms.
B.C.615
LUCIUS TARCUINIUS, WHO ESTABLISHED ETRURIAN OVER ROME, CONSTRUCTED THE OLDEST SEWER IN ROME. This “Croaka Maxima” was meant for the waste water of Forum Valley surrounded by 7 hills.
Initially it was open drain type, as it was a wet zone but between B.C.3rd and 5th century, it was covered with arch.
It was further improved between Ist and 3rd century BC and the remains of sewer (4.2m tall and 3.3m wide) belonging to the 3rd century BC were found.
B.C.480
During the 3rd Persian War, Persian army that invaded Greece, suffered from Plague caused by their own excrements due to topographical reasons and lost the war.
Further, it was also because the Persian lived in the desert area and had the practice of excreting themselves on sand.
AS FOUND IN AGRA FORT, INPERSIA TOO, A WELL WAS DUG AND THE HUMAN WASTE WAS MIXED WITH SOIL.
B.C.431
During the Pelloponessos war, Perikles called upon all the people to assemble in Ethens and in the absence of adequate sanitation facilities, within 2 years there were epidemics that caused considerable deaths. This is the oldest record of an epidemic.
IN ETHENS, SCAVERGERS CARRIED THE NIGHT SOIL AND DUMPHED IT OUTSIDE THE CITY.
B.C. 400
In Pionia, certain tribes had roof- top or river top toilets.
Around B.C. 400
W.C. in the house of Tera region were made from marbles and based on an edict, public toilets were also constructed in Pergamon.
B.C.400
From around this time, stone masonary drains covered with arch were made and after the adoption of republican form of government, they were made from concrete or tiles.
B.C.380
Sewers found from the waste of Agora were all constructed during the tyrant age and no such sewers were constructed after the indroduction of the democratic system. In Aritophaneses, “Women’s Parliament”, there is a vivid description of Ethens having no toilets and stools. Further, his other book “The Peace” describes slaves making dumplings from a heap of dung (waste).
According to Aristotle’s “The Republic of Athenians”, waste had to be thrown at least 2 kms away from the castle.
B.C. 312
In Rome, 16.5 km. Long Appia Waterway was completed.
IT WAS EVIDENT THAT ROMANS HAD LEARNT THEIR LESSONS FROM PERSIAN INVASION OF GREECE AND THEY GAVE UTMOST IMPORTANCE TO SANITATION.
As a result, W.C. became popular as far as Egypt and South France.
B.C.275
Agrippa Neem Waterway is constructed.
B.C.200
IN THE ANTONINUS PUBLIC BATH, THERE WERE 1600 HOLES FOR DEFECATION.
In Public toilets in Rome, toilet seats with hole in the middle were arranged in semi-circular shape and water flew underneath some were in the shape of dolphin and some were key hole type with a hole for urinating.
In “The Book of Deuteronomy” in the “Old Testamont”, there is a sentence where Moses, as the leader of the semtribe, admonishes his tribe mates against excretating in the open. He says, “You should search for some other place and bury your excretion.
IN THE “FOURTH BOOK OF KINGS”, IT IS RECORDED THT THE BELIEVERS OF JEHOVAH, DESTROYED THE SHRINE OF THE PAGAN BAARR AND CONSTRUCTED A TOILET IN ITS PLACE.
At the time of downfall of Karthago, there were 4 types of toilets in Rome.
(I) RANASA (CHAIN TYPE SEAT WITH A GOLDEN OR SILVER PLATE (COVER). AROUND 30 AD. THE FLOOR UNDER THE SEAT WAS GOUGED OUT AND THEN THE CHAIR TYPE SEAT WAS HOUSED ON THE LOWERED SURFACE).
(II) GASTORA (A POT KEPT BY THE ROADSIDE FOR THE PUBLIC AND A DETERGENT WAS OBTAINED FROM URINE).
(III) KROAKINA (PUBLIC TOILET). IT WAS FULLY EQUIPPED STRUCTURE HAVING WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE FACILITY).
(IV) LATORINA (PRIVATE TOILET). IT HAD W.C. AND WAS WIDELY USED).
B.C.84
IN POMPEII, HURIED UNDER VOLCANICERUPTION FROM VESVIO VLOCANO, TOILETS WERE FOUND. IT HAD WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM AND COMMON TOILETS WERE ALSO FOUND.
In Rome, Tevere river water was used for drinking and the waste water was discharged into the Tevere River through the highly developed sewer system.
Around this time, toilets were decorated with mosaic and marble and the water from the tank was used.
B.C.33
There were 170 Public baths in Europe alone and later their number increased suddenly to as many as 1000.
At this time, owners of the houses facing the road were responsible for cleaning them and Caeser made people clean the road periodically, after the road had been paved.
IT IS BELIEVED THAT TALL BUILDINGS WERE CONSTRUCTED AND SINCE WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE FACILITIES BEYOND THE SECOND FLOOR WERE NOT PROVIDED, THE EXCRETIONS WERE PERHAPS THROWN TO THE ROAD.
PLINIUS (GAIUS. P. SECUNDUS) IN “HISTORIA NATURALIS” DESCRIBES THE USE OF MANURE. HE ALSO EMPHASIZED THE MEDICINAL EFFECT OF URINE.
CHAPTER 151.E ‘LIFE OF MATHTHAIOS’ IN THE “NEW TASTAMONT”, READS “YOU FELLOWS, STILL DO NOT REALIZE. WHATEVER YOU EAT, GOES INTO THE TOILET THROUGH YOUR STOMACH”. Here toilet implies the chimney type pot called draught.
A.D. 69
VESPASIANUS (OTO EMPIRE) LEVIED TAX ON TOILETS.
In a fort belonging to the Roman era, there was a common toilet that could be used by 20 persons at a time and had deep sewer drain.
AND IT IS BELIEVED THAT PEOPLE USED A SPONAGE BAR TO CLEAN THEMSELVES IN PLACE OF PAPER.
Water was supplied from a stone tank in which rain water was collected.
222 AD
EMPEROR HELIOGABASIS AS SASSINATED INSIDE THE TOILET.
315 AD
MOST OF 144 ODD PUBLIC TOILETS IN ROME HAD WC.
Those which were located in an open ground, were divided into two portions and toilets were constructed on three sides of the main structure and there was a drain underneath and was basically similar to that in Pompeii.
In North Africa, there were 26 toilets near the market. Seats were made of marble and there were holes and a drain underneath. On both sides of the seat were arm rests in the shape of dolphin and there was wash basin made of marble.
395 AD
Roman empire splits into east and west. Exodus of people that started from around 372 AD, resulted in W.C. of Rome being practically forgotten.
People returned to primitive style of toilets used in rural areas before.
960 AD
THE FATHER SUPERIOR OF ABINDON CONSTRUCTED A SEWER LINE CONNECTING THE ABBEY WITH THE RIVER. THIS WAS THE FIRST RECORDED SEWER IN ENGLAND SINCE THE ROME AGE.
1088 AD
Toilets in Lochester Fort were constructed in the castle wall and the human waste fell on the outerside of the wall, through a hole.
In Cambridge, the human waste was collected on the road and then cartloads of waste were taken to be dumped outside the city.
IN STRASBOUGR, DUMPING OF HUMAN WASTE OR GARBAGE IN FRONT OF RESIDENTIAL. HOUSES WAS PROBIBITED BY LAW AND IT WAS OBLIGATORY COLLECT THEM IN A SPECIFIED PLACE NEAR THE MEAT MARKET OR HORSE MARKET.
1160 AD
In Saleruno in Napoli, Aurus writs a book on the method of urine test, based on Arbaian medicine. He classified the urine of patients into 19 types depending on its color, quantity, turbidfity, sediments etc. (Uruso’s “A manual of Urinology”).
The most important feature of the technical history of Europe, as represented by Canterbury Abbey, was that all the Abbeys in the medieval age functioned as a small independent city and had almost complete water supply and drainage facility.
IN THE DURHAM ALLEY, THERE WAS AN INDEPENDENCE TOILET NEXT TO THE ALLEY.
In the pit found in the monastry at Saint Alvance Cathedral, purgative (laxative) and pieces of gown used for cleaning by the clergymn were found.
In the Fountain Alley in Yorkshire, there were 9 toilets covered with 9 archs, located between the Alley and the infirmary.
1200 AD
In Paris, Phillipe August orders the construction of paved roads in the city and the drains by the roadside are also constructed. IT MARKED THE BEGINNING OF SEWER IN PARIS.
Viore Lu Duke: Toilets in the Castle were located in the internal angle of the main castle of support wall and were so devised that the human waste fell outside the castle.
In the landsberg castle, toilets were surrounded by rectangular walls extending out from the castle wall, with provision of human waste to fall beneath. (Such toilets were mostly found in castle that had barracks i.e. France, Poitiers State, England, Langre Castle, Marknosis castle etc.)
1214 AD
IN STRABOURG, BREEDING OF PIGS IN THE OPEN WAS BANNED ALTHOUGH THEY ATE UP THE HUMAN WASTE, THEY DIRTIED THE ENVIRONMENT TOO.
SINCE THERE WERE NO TOILETS IN THE HOUSES, TILL THE 14TH CENTURY, PUBLIC TOILETS WERE CONSTRUCTED AND WERE MANNED BY SCVANGERS.
However, with the increase in the population, public toilets became insufficient. Hence people excrecated in the stools and threw the contents into drains or rivers.
IN EDINBURG, CITIZENS THREW THE HUMAN WASTE ON TO THE ROADS LIKE IN PARIS.
In Rowaiyomon Alley, toilets were shorter than other buildings and were long corridor type (width 2.35m, height 7m length 32m) and water flew continuously that swept away the human waste.
Henry III ordered the construction of drain pipe between Westminister Palace, which had the underground sewer system, and the Thames river so that waste from the kitchen could be discharged in the river directly.
In the Green Castle in Country Town to the north of Ireland, there was waste-drop- type toilet constructed on the castle wall.
1271 AD
IN MARCO POLO’S “11 MILLION”, THERE IS AN ACCOUNT OF TOILETS IN THE GOBI DESERT.
1290 AD
Clergymen in Southern Buton are permitted to have water supply from the reservoir and in 1310, citizents also start getting the supply.
IN FRANCE IN THE PIEREFON CASTEL, THERE WERE PRIVY WHERE WASTE FELL INTO A BUCKET AND THERE WAS AN OUTLET TO COLLECT THE WASTE AND A WINDOW TO RELEASE THE FOUL SMELL.
1310-14 AD
IN THE ACCOUNT OF SHARIVARI, IT IS MENTIONED THAT HUMAN WASTE WAS THROWN AT PASERBYES AT THE TIME OF CARNIVAL, AS A SERENADE CEREMONY.
1318 AD
JOANES MACTOARIOS PUBLISHED HIS 7TH VOLUME OF “URINE RESEARCH” IN WHICH HE CONSIDERED URINE AS THE FILTRATE OF BLOOD.
During the region of Edward I, in Permais castle in North Wells, human waste was being thrown down through a square shaped chimney extending out from the wall.
Francisco Petoralka criticized the spread of uroscopy as similar to alchemy or astrology.
OUTDOOR TOILET WAS CALLED PRIVY AND BIG ONES MEANT FOR CASTLES OR LARGE HOUSES WERE CALLED GUARDROBE (WARDROBE IMPLIED THE PORTION NEXT TO THE PRIVY FOR KEEPING CLOTHES).
But it was Edward II who got locked up in this guardrobe. Besides James I was killed there.
TOILETS WERE THE PLACES WHERE MANY A CONSPIRACIES WERE HATCHED.
1330 AD
Around this time in most of the cities, garbage and human waste were being thrown on the roads.
IN SIENA CITY, A SPECIAL EDICT BANNED THE DISPOSAL OF HUMAN WASTE ON THE ROADS AT NIGHTS.
In the same year in Gottingen and in 1343 in Qumran, laws were enacted for periodical cleaning of roads.
1338 AD
GLASS MAKERS OFFERED 432 BEDPANS IN THE FORM OF TAX TO WIEN PRINCE FUNBELT II.
1416 AD
In Augsburg, paved roads appear. Human waste thrown in the roadside drain was flowing into donau river.
In London, sewer system gets improved.
LOUIS XI HAD A SEAT TYPE TOILET SEPARATED WITH CURTAIN AND HE USED LINEN WASTE IN PLACE OF TOILET PAPER.
FURTHER, ODORUS PLANTS WERE KEPT IN THE TOILET TO KILL THE FOUL SMELL.
In Grocester Cathedral, there was a corridor type toilet next to the Alley. Water was drawn from the tank housed at its back.
Gaurdrobe in Cleeve Alley in Summerset, was housed in the wall that supported the pulpit.
1513 AD
AN EDICT IN PARIS MADE IT MANDATORY FOR CONSTRUCTING A URINAL IN EACH HOUSE BUT IT COULD NOT BE IMPLEMENTED. Therefore, space of a house between two houses was left vacant for this purpose.
AT THE TIME OF RELIGIOUS REFORM, BOOKS FROM THE ALLEY WERE USED AS TOILET PAPER.
1519 AD
IN MORMANDIE, THE HIGH COURT ORDERS THE CONSTRUCTION OF TOILETS ON THE ROOF TOP OF EACH HOUSE.
1533 AD
Paris High Court orders the construction of a regular manure Vat in each house and another edict in 1539 strictly enforced the same.
1534 AD
FRANCOISRAPRE’ IN THE 13TH CHAPTER OF HIS BOOK “TALE OF GARGANTUA AND PANTAGRIELLE” TALKS OF THE QUEER CUSTOM AMONGITALIANS OF USING A GOSLING TO CLEAN THEMSELVES AFTER EVACUATING. IT ALSO DESCRIBES THE THROWING OF URINE AT ONE ANOTHER IN THE CARNIVALS. THIS BOOK CLOSES WITH A SONG TALKING OF HUMAN WASTE.
1544 AD
POET WOOSTROQUEL-DE-BOLYU WHO WAS KNOWN FOR HIS POEMS ON HUMAN WASTE, BECOME FAMOUS.
1546 AD
A Purveyor to the Government in London, supplied an expensive toilet bowl (stool) to the Royal Family. (Purveyor was Royal Coffer Mayors).
HENRY VIII TOILET
Toilet used by Henry VIII during traveling was covered with black velvet, laced with ribbons and 2000 gold plated rivets, some filled with water.
QUEEN ELIZABETH TOILET
THE TOILET USED BY QUEEN ELIZABETH AND JAMES I HAD CUSHION AND LACE DECORATIONS WITH A POT INSIDE THE TOILET BOWL (STOOL).
King James V of Scotland used 15.5 yards of damask (cloth) for partitioning. (The cost of cloth worked out to 52 pounds 2 shillings those days.)
Henry II tries to measure the amount of waste in the Paris Sewer but failed. No such attempt was made until 1760. Sewer also became the hiding ground for criminals.
1566 AD
HUMANIST HENRY ETHIENU CRITICISES THE GOTHICSTYLY ARCHITECTS FOR CONSTRUCTING THE TOILETS IN THE MOST PROMINENT PLACE OF THE HOUSE.
1571 AD
Philosopher John Louis Vivesser refers to families housing the toilets at the roof top due to foul odor and using buckets (pots) inside but soon toilets began to be located across the courtyard.
DRY PRIVY 16TH CENTURY
In the 16th century in England, there was Dry Privy, (also called earth closet) where after defecating, soil (sand) was put on the waste. It was only in the latter half of the 19th century that dropping of sand was automatized.
1585 AD
In Bordeaux, construction of toilets and manure vats inside the houses is ordered and throwing of human waste and garbage on roads is banned.
INVENTION OF W.C.
1596 AD
JOHN HATINGTON INVENTS W.C.
He describes the W.C. he had in his own house in one of his poems. Further, he constructed similar W.C. for Elizabeth to be used in the Richmond Palace.
VELVET COVERED TOILET
1600 AD
VELVET COVERED TOILET SEAT FOR THE BRITISH MONARCH TO BE USED DURING TRAVELING IS IS INVENTED.
KING GIVE AUDIENCE WHILE USING TOILET.
LOUIS XIII GAVE AUDIENCE WHILE USING HIS TOILET AND LOUIS XIV TOO DID THE SAME.
Further there was an exclusive cleaning object for each member of the royal family.
Different things were used for cleaning after use such as linen, merino, thread waste, leaves, small stones, pages from books etc.
1606 AD
Henry IV banned the soiling of Louvre with human waste. Offenders were fined ¼ eque.
FIRST EVER SEWER MAIN LINE IS LAID IN PARIS.
MEDICINAL VALUES OF URINE
Urine has been said to have medicinal effect since ancient times and the same is further stressed during this period.
A MINISTER OF LOUIS XIII ATE HORSES’ DUNG MIXING WITH WHITE WINE. AND IN THE 18TH CENTURY, DOCTOR FOSHALL USED URINE FOR GARGLING.
Toilets in the houses were on roof top and manure vats were constructed outside.
1609 AD
In Paris, septic tank was cleaned by providing for sewer and water sprinkling facilities and water was discharged into Seine River.
ABANDONMENT OF CARRYING NIGHT SOIL IN BUCKETS
1609 AD
PRACTICE OF PHYSICALLY TRANSPORTING THE NIGHT IN BUCKETS WAS ABANDONED AND IN HAMBURG AND BERLIN. SEWER LINE WAS LAID.
1609-13 AD
During this period, some interesting episodes took place such as in the box of a theatre, Marchioness Raphelt eased herself and unable to bear the foul smell, threw the stool down the parquet or Louis Anjerik suffered from incontinence due to over laughing Ms. Orlean had special liking for fecal matter etc.
BUDAAL TOILET BOWL-FRANCE
Budaal, a member of Jesus Society and confession priest for females of the Royal family, was regarded as a symbol of good luck and thus they named the toilet bowl after him.
1624 AD
As in the previous century, toilets were equipped with a ventilator or vent hole to release the foul odor. And Francoise Blondel in his “lectures on Architecture” emphasized that the toilets should be connected with manure vat away from the house with a fired pipe and this manure vat should be further connected with drain (sewer) for waste water on rain water. However, in the countryside, manure vats were not common, an some people climbed up higher places to avacuate themselves.
1625 AD
In Hampton court, there is a cross stool covered with red velvet and is cushioned and is believed to have been used by Charles I and James II.
1641 AD
In Berlin, construction of Pig sheds by the roadside is prohibited.
Such laws enacted in each city in Germany one after another since early 15th century.
Pigs were let loose in the cities to eat up the garbage and human waste till the 19th century.
TOILETS AT VERSAILLES PALACE 1641 AD
In the Versilles Palace, there was a luxurious commode type toilet having back rest and attached container for personal effects. Structurally, this toilet was a chamber pot. Further, in the list of properties of the palace, there is a record of 274 toilets. Among them 208 simply had a container underneath and 66 were gorgeous ones with lots of decorations.
DUE TO SOILING OF PARIS CITY BY HUMAN WASTE, LOUIS XIV IS REQUESTED TO CONSTRUCT TOILETS ALL OVER THE CITY.
1665 AD
Edidemic breaks out in London and many laws are enacted to prevent soiling of roads or throwing of things that caused foul odor. (60,000 persons die of pest)
1666 AD
There is a big fire in London and here after night soil is collected at night and sold to farmers in the neighbourhood.
WEARING OF OVERSHOES BY LADIES AND WASTE DISPOSAL
As depicted in a poem by swift, in London, human waste in drains and rivers was often thrown on to the roads due to flooding caused by rain water. For that very reason ladies of rank wore overshoes.
A GERMAN DOCTOR CHRISTIAN FRATZ PAULINI PUBLISHED A BOOK IN LATIN ENTITLED “PHARMACY OF STOOL”.
In Paris, sewer was 10 km long of which 8 km was open and therefore, dirty water was getting discharged into Seine river. 100 year later its length extended to 26 kms.
1668 AD
A Minister of the Chatoure Empire reports that since there were hardly any drains and toilets, there was intense foul odor all over.
In Paris, Police Commissioner Nichola-de-Ralen:orders the construction of toilets in all houses through the passing of an edict.
1670 AD
In Paris, carriers of night soil begin leaving the jobs due to low salaries and also to enable their children taking up some other better professions.
TOILET OF THE QUEEN OF HAMHOUSE.
1675 AD
Next to the bed room of the Queen of Ham House, there was a “cross stool” in the closet room but lacquered one’s were also being used by the Royal family.
OTHER NAMES SUCH AS “THAT PLACE” ETC. WERE ALSO USED FOR THE CLOSER ROOM. (LONDON)
1676 AD
Ceramist Yan Ariance Fan Ham sets up a kiln in the box hole and the manufacture of English Derft starts.
In rural England, toilets for simultaneous use by 3 to 6 persons were constructed in the gardens.
JOB RESERVATION FOR SCAVENGERS.
1696 AD
Paris High Court prescribes the job skill for night soil carriers and prohibited people for other professions to do it.
LOUIS XIV TOILET
1676 AD
It is reported that Louis XIV used the British-style toilet connected with overhead tank and manure vat.
1679 AD
IN ENGLAND, CHAMBER POT CONTINUES TO BE USED TILL THE 18TH CENTURY.
1700 AD
IN PARIS, ALL PRIVATE HOUSES ARE ORDERED TO CONSTRUCT URINALS WITHIN ONE MONTH OR FACE EVICTION.
A seat type toilet is constructed which from its appearance looks like stacked books.
WATER CLOSET-WINDSOR PALACE
1700 AD
THERE WAS WATER CLOSET IN THE WINDSOR PALACE DURING THE REIGN OF QUEEN ANNE IN FRANCE, W.C. WAS CALLED “BRITISH STYLE ANGREZ”
ENGLISH W.C.
1700 AD
According to Heyer, W.C. in England at this time so devised that water was filled first and after having used it, Spigot was opened to discharge the contents outside via the drain pipe.
TOILET-VERSAILABLE PALACE
1700 AD
According to Vole. Le. Duke, in the Versailles palace, seat called “Gardor” was used till the 18th century (One used by Louis XIV was lacquered and had a Japanese landscape painted on it.)
1700 AD
Chamber pot in the shape of pitcher is used in France by ladies from around this time. Mostly it was made from ceramic ware.
1705-10 AD
Eleven edicts are passed in quick succession banning unauthorized dipping up of night soil.
1710 AD
IN VERSAILLES PALACE, BIDET MAKES ITS APPEARANCE.
1713 AD
Nichola-de-Mall reports in “The outline” that there are no public toilets in France.
1718 AD
In England, B.S. Francis uses W.C. in it through the use of balance; fixed amount of water is collected and discharged.
1720 AD
Night Table with night pot appears. In the apartment building in the 18th century, there were 2 toilets i.e. one on the ground floor or basement and one on the top most floors. Serat was made of metal casting or ceramics and the pipe was made of lead. During the reign of Louis XV, Seat had cover and leather on the edges and it was connected with unglazed funnel shaped pipe.
1722 AD
In Paris there were 3 appointed placed for throwing waste and dead bodies. Throwing of waste into Seine river was banned through and Imperial edict.
1726 AD
John Howard, the pioneer of prison conditions improvement movement in London, denounced the fact that there were no common toilets and prisoners used sewer for this purpose.
LOUIS XV- NEW STYLE BATHROOM.
1728 AD
Louis XV constructed new style bathroom in the Versailles palace.
ATTACHED TOILET
1737 AD
ARCHITECT J.F. BRONDEL DESCRIBED THE IDEAL TOILET AS ONE WHICH WAS NEXT TO THE BED ROOM, WHICH HAD COVERED SEAT AND THE WHOLE THING WAS HIDDEN IN A LONG SEAT CONNECTED WITH THE WALL.
Initially the cover was springboard type but soon it became automatic which could be lifted through the pressing of button (Paris)
VALVE TYPE W.C.
1738 AD
Brondel introduced valve type of W.C. in British style.
1738 AD
Since homosexuals came closer to each other pretending to be urinating, police patrolling was very strict near Deauriui Palace and San Tantvaneau Gate (Paris).
OFFICIALS IN PARIS KEPT BARREL FOR PEOPLE TO EVACUATE THEMSELVES AT SEVERAL PLACES ON THE ROADSIDE.
Around this time, urinal pot and toilet bowl were in use in every house.
FIRST SEPARATE FRENCH TOILET FOR MEN & WOMEN.
1739 AD
AT A BALL IN PARIS, FOR THE FIRST TIME, SEPARATE TOILETS FOR MEN AND WOMEN ARE MADE.
1740 AD
Tyurgo constructed the trunk sewer line called santur in which there was a 6000 sq. m. storage tank of purification and there were a large number of branch sewer lines constructed under the roads in a highly organized manner. With this, the blind sewer system came to its end in Paris.
DISCARDING OF CHAMBER POT BY LADIES
1745 AD
Swift writes about the maid servants discarding the chamber pot of women folk. Further before 1729 he constructed W.C. for himself.
A number of furniture companies started manufacturing night table for keeping the chamber pot, toilet stand for keeping commode etc.
1749 AD
AT THE UNVEILING CEREMONY OF COPPER STATUTE OF LOUIS XV, 48 NIGHT POTS ARE LAID OUT.
Louis XIV and Marie Antowanett used the latest style water closet where stool was made of marble with lifting cover, pipes for flashing the waste and for cleaning the buttock.
1767 AD
John Cruden writes that of the 46 houses he decribes in his book, only 5 had W.C. (London).
1770 AD
Roubeau, in his book, writes that in France, W.C. with water regulating facility and the device to sprinkle water for cleaning were being used.
1770 AD
Water Closet are found in Mariet Architectural drawings and Bourbonne Palace designed by Architech Tasglance and in Paris also new type of toilets were constructed in private houses.
1771 AD
Police (Paris) fixed the timings for dipping up night soil between 10.00 pm and Sunrise. Further, night soil had to be kept open for 24 hours before dipping up, to release the sulfur dioxide contained in it.
There were many accidents where a person lost his eyesight temporarily due to ammonia vapour or due to ammonia sulfide.
CONSTRUCTION OF PAID TOILETS
1771 AD
BARON ANGIVIREL, DIRECTOR OF BUILDINGS AND PARKS MANAGEMENT BUREAU, ORDERED THE CONSTRUCTION OF PAID TOILETS.
TWELVE PAID TOILETS WERE CONSTRUCTED WHERE PAPER WAS PROVIDED FREE OF COST.
1774 AD
The job of burial of mortal remains of Louis XV was carried out by scavengers of Versailles Palace.
In most of the houses, since the barrels filled with waste were buried in the lawn or kept in the basement, their influence on the surroundings was big, especially on stored wine and well water.
1775 AD
ALEXANDER CUMMINGS, A WATCH-MAKER OF LONDON, REGISTERED HIS PATENT FOR MAKING W.C. FOR THE FIRST TIME IN ENGLAND.
It was siphon type and since there was always water in the pit, there no foul odor. Drain pipe was U shaped but valve was not perfect.
SECOND PATENT FOR W.C.
1777 AD
SECOND REGISTERED PATENT WAS INVENTED BY THOMAS PROCCER THAT SUPPRESSED THE FOUL ODOR COMPLETELY. IT WAS AN IMPROVEMENT ON CUMMING W.C. AND THROUGH THE CIRCULAR COCK, WATER LEVEL COULD BE REGULATED.
WHEN THE LEVER WAS PULLED, WASTE WAS FLUSHED. IT WAS CALLED PAN CLOSED. However, its drawbacks were that the sound of Pan revolution was big and its cleaning power was less.
CONSTITUTION OF COMMITTEE FOR SCAVENGER WELFARE FRANCE
1777 AD
LOUIS XVI CONSTITUTED A COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE AIR POLLUTION AND ALSO EXPRESSED CONCERN FOR PROTECTION OF SCAVENGERS ‘HEALTH’.
JOSEPH BLUMER, JAMES GREASE
1778 AD
FURNITURE DEALER JOSEPH BLUMPER INVENTED THE W.C. WHERE 2 HINGES WERE PROVIDED AT THE BOTTOM OF THE POT.
In this, crank valve was used in place of slide valve. In the same year, James Grease and others registered new patents one after another.
1783 AD
DAVID LEASER REGISTERS PATENT.
1786 AD
Architect Jillow proposed moving-type manure Vat.
It had provision for a tank that could be moved to the basement (Paris).
1789 AD
THOMASLAUNTRY REGISTERED HIS PATENT.
6 W.C. are constructed in Shellboon House in Barkley Square. Through the pull of handle, waste could be flushed.
1791 AD
Paris sewer line is extended to 26.5 km.
AUTO W.C.- JOHN ATHLAY
1792 AD
JOHN ATHLEY REGISTERED HIS AUTO W. C In this water was supplied automatically the moment a person sat on it.
THOMAS BIN’S PATENT FOR W.C.
1793 AD
CARPENTER THOMAS BIN REGISTERED HIS W.C. HAVING VALVE.
WILLIAM INVENTS IMPROVED MODEL
1796 AD
WILLIAM LAW INVENTS THE IMPROVED MODEL OF PAN CLOSET.
1797 AD
Till this year Bloomer sold 7000 improved type toilets of his.
1805 AD
SCIENTISTS DISCOVER THAT MIXTURE OF AMMONIA SULFIDE AND HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND HYDROGEN SULFIDE CAUSE TOXICOSIS OF SCAVENGERS.
1805-12 AD
Brunuzoe carried out complete survey of sewer line and drainage system in Paris.
1806 AD
According to Victor Yugo, in the 2nd year of Napolean Monarchical rule, the total length of sewer line was 23.2 km but thereafter, Nepolean constructed 4.8 km, Louis XVIII 5.7 km. Chartles X 18.0 km, Louis Phillipe 89 km, and Republican Government 23. 4 km and by 1862 its total length became 227 kms.
1809 AD
Nepolean I, through and edict, ordered due consideration to be given to the health of scavengers.
1812 AD
Public Health Supervision Bureau is instituted (Paris).
1815 AD
In London, excrements are flown into the sewer for the first time (till this time, sewer was used for rain water and drain water). Laying of water-transportation (filled) sewer is commenced.
1817 AD
In a Paris guidebook, all luxurious paid toilets are recorded.
1820 AD
Rabac proposed the addition of Sodium Chloride fro detoxification prior to dipping up of night soil. (Paris)
1824 AD
Sanitation Deucibele reports that 35628m of sewer line based on arch method of construction is under construction in Paris. He reports that a further 2260m is open sewer and at some places it is manure Vat like and is unhygienic.
FIRST PUBLIC TOILET IN PARIS
1830 AD
In Paris, first public toilet was constructed by the Senie Governer Ranpyuteau in the Italian street. This toilet, made with stones and plaster, became the barricade during July Revolution. In place of dipping up in a bucket, suction and push pump were employed and 1000 litres of night soil could be treated in 6 minutes.
1831-36 AD
POLICE COMMISSIONER JISKE (PARIS) CONSTRUCTED 1500 PUBLIC URINAL HAVING ROOFS AND WATER FLOWING DOWN THE WALLS.
Jiske was the first person to openly criticize the Paris citizens for uninating all over the place, even near the churches and palaces.
Cholera breaks out in Paris, which gave impetus to construction of sewerage on priority basis.
Victor Yugoin “Oh, Coldheartedness”, depicts the escape of Jan Barjan inside the blind sewer.
1835 AD
Annual amount of dipped up night soil in Paris was 202800 tonnes (Population 909126)
1841 AD
DUKE OF WELLINGTON CONSTRUCTED THE WARDROBE TYPE TOILET HAVING VALVE SYSTEM.
PUBLIC SANITATION LAW
1842 AD
Edwin Chadwick submits the public sanitation Law before the Parliament.
1843 AD
In London, sewer committees formed and over 2,00,000 manure vats in slum areas are eliminated. And the work for connecting W.C. with sewage system is started.
Friedrich Angles writes a report about the unhygienic living conditions of labour districts in London and other British cities. He wrote that there were inadequate drainage facilities and toilets. Human waste etc. was being thrown into the drain (i.e. Edinburgh).
ROADS IN LEEDS WERE STREWN WITH HUMAN WASTE AND IN BUTTERFIELD, WASTE FERMENTED AND DIRTY WATER GATHERED ALL OVER THE PLACE.
THERE WERE 468 PUBLIC URINALS IN PARIS. While Lyon had sufficient number of urinals, Lille had none till the middle of the 19th century.
Sociologist Alexander played an important role in the improvement of public sanitation such as survey of sewer, closing of Monfokon dumping ground, formation of rescue teams during 1832 cholera epidemic etc.
“PARIS CITY NEWS” OFTEN LAMENTED THE FACT THAT PARIS CITIZENS NOT ONLY URINATED IN THE OPEN BUT OFTEN DEFECTED TOO.
PORTABLE CLOSET
1844 AD
VESS INVENTS THE PORTABLE CLOSET HAVING A BOWLAND AND A SMALL WATER TANK.
HALF DOORS IN TOILETS
1846 AD
IN THE IMPERIAL SCHOOL IN LYON, HALF DOOR WAS PUT IN THE TOILETS TO PREVENT STUDENTS FROM MASTURBATING.
In Berlin, urinals were constructed in a corner on the staircase or footpace and night soil was dipped up every second day.
1846 AD
SANITATION LAW IN BRITAIN-1847
1847 AD
SEWAGE WORK IS COMPLETED IN LONDON.
Southwood Smith launches a campaign for environmental sanitation. And subsequently public sanitation law is enacted.
1848 AD
Cholera breaks out in summer in London and in September in one day 200-400 persons die.
TOILET IN A HOUSE IS MADE OBLIGATORY
NEW PUBLIC SANITATION LAW IS ENACTED IN ENGLAND. CONSTRUCTION OF ASH PIT OR W.C. IN EACH HOUSE IS MADE OBLIGATORY. FURTHER, SEWAGE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE IS CONSTITUTED IN LONDON AND OPEN DRAINS ARE COVERED.
1849 AD
Number of deaths due to cholera in London was 14000 annually. In 1854 the number reduced to 1000 and in 1870 it became nil. At this time, residents of phillimore region had complete sewage facility.
1851 AD
John Jennings who played the keyrole in the improvement of public sanitation conditions in London, developed the new “key closet” and became very popular. IN THE LONDON EXPO, WHICH DISPLAYED IT, 827280 PERSONS USED IT PAYING IN CASH.
EXCLUSIVE RIGHT FOR DIPPING UP OF NIGHT SOIL TO RISHH Co.
1852 AD
Napolean III gave monopoly to Rishh Co. which had 7 branches and 300 employees, for dipping up operation of night soil.
1854 AD
Through an edict, draining of human waste into the sewer was permitted (Paris)/
PREFERENCE FOR SAND TOILET
At this time, as epidemics broke out due to sewage treatment, doctors and sanitarians preferred sand toilet used since olden days.
STOOL URINE SEPARTING DEVICE
1855 AD
In the Expo, stool-urine separating (solid matter was solidified and liquid was drained) was displayed.
PURIFICATION OF WASTE WATER
Chief Engineer of public works Bureau Joseph Bazarjet constructed the sewer parallel to Thames River and mixed waste water with the downstream.
LATER WATER WAS CHEMICALLY PURIFIED IN THE DISCHARGE WATER POND LOCATED ON BOTH SIDES OF THAMES RIVER.
TOILET DESIGN AND PUNISHMENT
TIN MANUFACTURERS NAMED THE HOLLOW BOTTOM OF NIGHT POT AS “I SEE YOU” AND WERE PUNISHED WITH ONE MONTH’S SENTENCE FOR VULGARITY.
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF TOILET
1857 AD
DENIEL BOSTAL CO. OF BRITIAN SUCCESSFULLY MANUFACTURED THE “WASHOUT CLOSET” ON COMMERCIAL BASIS.
INVENTION OF EARTH CLOSET
CLERGYMAN MOORE INVENTS THE IMPROVED MODEL OF EARTH CLOSET (AUTOMATIC TYPE).
Since the human waste was dried in this system, foul odor was suppressed considerably.
TOILET OF QUEEN VICTORIA
1859 AD
TOILET FOR QUEEN VICTORIA IN NORTH WESTERN RAILWAYS HAD A VALVE SYSTEM AND WAS DECORATED WITH GOLD AND TURQUOISE.
1863 AD
Sanitation committee for private and public schools in Paris in its report stated that 62% (855 Schools) of the 1403 schools that it observed did not have adequate toilet facilities.
LIME ACID & FOUL SMELL
1865 AD
PROFESSOR JOSEPH LISTER OF GLASGOW UNIVERSITY TRIED LIME ACID TO REDUCE THE FOUL SMELL FROM TOILETS AND SEWER.
Irrigation Treatment Law is enforced where by use of sewage water as manure in agriculture is begun.
SEWAGE WATER AS MANURE
1869 AD
As an experiment, sewage water is used as manure in 6 hectare of land and from the grass grown there, it is confirmed that use of manure causes no problems.
WATER PIPELINE IS LAID IN DANCHIHIL IN GERMANY.
1870 AD
Louis Mooler discovers in Paris that the solid portion in human waste is liquefied and dissolves in manure Vat. He developed the method of sealing of the Vat but since it caused typhoid, it was abandoned.
INVENTION OF SIPHON TYPE TOILET
J.R. MAN DEVELOPS THE SIPHON TYPE CLOSET.
DEVELOPMENT OF WASHOUT TOILET
1870 AD
T.W. TUISFORD DEVELOPS WASH-OUT CLOSET WHERE WATER IS ALWAYS THERE IN THE CLOSET (PIT)
S.S. HELLIER INVENTED “OPTSION” which was an improvement over, Blumer model. IT WAS THE MODERN TOILET USED WIDELY DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR.
J.R. MAN DEVELOPED “SIPHONIC CLOSET” where sand was less water flew through S shaped pipe and was based on the principle of Siphon. However, it was a complicated system and since its washing capacity was poor, the wash down” system became more popular.
1870-80 AD
In the river bed of Seine river in the outskirts of Paris, gas generated in mars by areas was produced and the river was found to be polluted from Krisie to Manteam
1872 AD
Paris Municipal Council gave the jurisdiction of 6 independent toilets to Dorion.
1875 AD
In Paris, the earnings of Night Soil industry from dry human manure and ammonia sulphate etc. became 1200,0000 France.
On the basis of a government survey of public sanitation conditions carried out since 1869, a charter is designed and local governing bodies are asked to lay sewer line.
FIRST CERAMIC TOILET
1876 AD
PARIS SANITATION SCIENCE SOCIETY AND OCCUPATIONAL SANITATION SOCIETY ARE FORMED. A movement is launched to educate children about cleanliness and to improve toilet facilities in schools.
1878 AD
By this year, the total length of sewerage in Paris was 600 km.
1880 AD
Around this time, more than the mechanical toilet (where water was radiated in the stool itself) it was the non-mechanical (there is only a hole for discharging water in the stool and the water discharge mechanism is in the cistern tank) toilet which became popular till about 1914.
HEREAFTER, MORE ATTENTION WAS GIVEN TO DECORATION OF THE STOOL, AND IT MARKED THE ADVENT OF THE SO-CALLED CLOSET-ART EAR, SOME HAD FLOWER DESIGN, SOME HAD LION DOLPHIN SHAPE AND EVEN SAME WERE ALL NOUVEAN STYLE.
1881 AD
JOHN LOUIS MOORAS APPLLIED FOR PATENTING OF A NEW AUTOMATIC, ODORLESS NIGHT SOIL, TANK.
Preist Muwanio of the Jesus Society, in collaboration with Balba Co. manufactured this waste water tank on commercial basis which could serve 10 persons at a time.
1882 AD
Paris city permitted the installation of Moors type waste water tank in individuals house.
Ministry of Education (France) decided to have two toilets for each class of male students and three for each class of female students and separate toilets for teachers.
In Paris, out of 71873 building, housing 60,0000 families, 30,000 did not have water supply facilities.
1883 AD
Emile Lither invented oil urinal i.e. where city substance was used in place of water to smoothen the surface of slate or cement (France)
QUEEN VICTORIA TOILET
1883 AD
THOMAS TURIFORD MODE A WASH OUT TOILET”CALLED “UNITAS” MADE FULLY FROM CERAMIC FOR QUEEN VICTORIA. It was the most gorgean toilet ever made and when put on sale in 1901, was very popular.
Toilet installed in Manjour Secondary School in Paris became the focus of all attention as the most ideal toilet for schools (stool was 3.40 cm tall and there was a wooden ring on the seat to present students from standing on it.
On the proposal of Sanitary housing Committee, a new law was eracted regarding fully furnished rental rooms, which made provision for having a toilet for every 20 persons. (Paris).
1886 AD
Paris Municipal Council officially approved the purification and use of sewage water based on agricultural treatment.
SEWAGE TREATMENT FOR THE FIRST TIME IN THE WORLD.
1889 AD
In London, sewage treatment is started for the first time in the world.
PATENT FOR WASH DOWN SYSTEM.
1889 AD
D.R. BOSTEL GETS THE PATENT FOR WASH DAWN SYSTEM.
1890 AD
Compact type down suit where cistern was equipped just above the stool appeared. Further, from around this time, Canty Lever type W.C. also emerged.
WATER WAY FOR WASTE WATER
1893-5 AD
Anshule Water Way for waste water is constructed in Paris.
MANDATORY TOILET FACILITIES.
1894 AD
THROUGH ANEDICT, ONE TOILET IN EACH HOUSE AND IN CASE OF RENTED APARTMENTS, ONE TOILET FOR THREE ROOMS WAS MADE MANDATORY.
Provision of water tank etc was also strictly prescribed.
Further, solid and Liquid excrements from each house had to be discharged into the sewer directly. (Paris)
CLOSET OF THE CENTURY
1895 AD
Jennings constructed public toilets in other cities too besides London and also supplied to Railway companies.
IN 1900, HE INVENTED “CLOSET OF THE CENTURY” WHICH WAS SIPHON TYPE AND HAD THE GOOD POINTS OF BOTH WASH-DOWN AND VALVE TYPES.
INVENTION OF DECAY TYPE TANK
1896 AD
In England, Donald Comeroon invented the decay-type tank where waste water was purified.
1898 AD
In Kinnock Fort in Lamb island, Low suit where water is supplied from a compact tank just above the stool survives even today as a part of the bathroom. Further there is a shower bath with 6 spants.
1899 AD
Dottan Co. the biggest in England, launched 2 types of toilets-one in which water flew all through its use and two, water flew the moment the user stood up.
1900 AD
Total length of sewerage in Paris becomes 1150 kms. (Today it is about 2000 km.)
1904 AD
There were Public toilets for 3986 persons in Paris around this time.
SEPTIC TANK
1904 AD
ARBEIS CARMETTT TRAIL MANUFACTURES TWO SEPTIC TANK (PARIS)
1905 AD
A company specilising in construction of underground toilets, opens one such big toilet having facilities for 22 urinals for men, 3 ceramamic W.Cs, 14 W.Cs for women and 4 make-up rooms, in Madeleine Square beneath the flower market.
1906 AD
In the Debanham Palace constructed in London by Harzei Reculd, there was a ceramic enameled scat type toilet in the marbeled bathroom designed by William de Magan.
1907 AD
Off the 616 cities having a population over 5000, 294 did not have adequate sewage facilities.
ENGINEER JULE ARMANGO PROPOSED THE CONSTRUCTION OF ALL UNDERGROUND URINALS (PARIS)
GORGEOUS LADIES TOILET
1908 AD
IN HALL IN LONDON, A GORGEOUS LADIES TOILET DECORATED WITH STAINED GLASS, MARBLES AND MIRORS IS CONSTRUCTED.
In London, as an extension of club culture many male urinals were set up.
1910 AD
On the sandwich beach of KENT, a bath tub which had supply of hot sea water and cold fresh water is made for lady Aster.
The length of closed water-way network for supply of water to Paris, becomes 517 kms. Hence while 36550 did not have drainage facility and mostly labourers lived in such houses. In Seine district, use of unapproved sewage purification tanks was banned.
1911 AD
Member of Municipal council Adrof Sherew reports that in Paris besides, 112 independent public toilets there were 806 urinals for 2-3 persons each set up by advertising companies, 398 urinals for 2 persons each get up by Paris Municipal authorities and 415 urinals for each person each.
1914 AD
Seine district Governor orders dipping up of manure vat from each house under the martial law.
In Manchester, use of bacteria for sewage treatment is discovered.
1920-22 AD
A survey by the city Public Sanitation Research Institute revealed that out of 2000 sewage purification tanks in use, only 12 were as per technical standards only 2 performed the purification job correctly.
IN LONDON, 3 BACTERIA METHODS INCLUDING CONTACT FILTERATION, ACTIVE SLUDGE METHODS ETC. ARE TRIED FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT IN THE DOWN STREAM OF THANES RIVER.
1922 AD
Sakal Osugi who visited Paris, reports about fifty common toilets in a cheap hotel. He writes, “the floor is slanting with only method is set up.
1928 AD
In London, sewage treatment facility employing active sludge method is set up.
1930 AD
From around this time, agricultural land for reduction of the sewer became scarce and construction of sewage treatment plants became problem in France. As a part of water purification plan of seine district, it was decided to connect 3 new water ways for waste and rain water with the existing Aseru Plant.
1930 AD
URINALS THAT WERE SET UP IN VERY LARGE NUMBER FROM AROUND THIS TIME WERE DISMANLED.
1933 AD
In the Delite Thomas Building Kenjition, men’s urinals were constructed radilly around a column by Bernard George.
1936 AD
A NEW WATER FLASH SYSTEM CALLED SPOUT (TROMP) SYSTEM APPEARED. In this water system discharged at a high speed through air pressure in the type tank.
1937 AD
In the Paris Expo. Sanitation Hall is set up.
1239 AD
TILL THIS YEAR, CONTRARY TO THE TREND IN THE COUNTRIES, TRAINS IN FRANCE DID NOT HAVE WATER CLOSETS.
During two great wars Water closets made of white ceramic and equipped with seats made of mahogany of oak become popular in France.
1959 AD
PARIS MUNICIPAL COUNCIL DECIDES TO ABANDON ALL THE SURFACE TOILETS.
1980 AD
PARIS MUNICIPAL COUNCIL PERMITTED THE INSTALLATION OF 3 (AUTO-CONTROL PUBLIC TOILETS. THEREAFTER, 150 IN 1981, 150 IN 1982, 100 IN 1983 HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED AND THE NUMBER HAS RISEN GRADUALLY EVER SINCE.
